Lack of fusion, laminations, seams and laps, HIC, ovality and grade mix-ups: the defect families behind most pipe failures, their mill causes, the RFQ clauses that prevent them, and a 30-minute receiving inspection routine.
What heat and product analysis each represent, how product analysis tolerances work under ASTM A751 and GB/T 222, and the right escalation path in disputes.
How mill hydro test pressures are calculated (P = 2St/D), what API 5L, ASTM and GB/T require, and what to watch when witnessing the test.
How the CVN test works, what A333 Gr 6 and API 5L PSL2 require, how to read the report, sub-size specimens and DWTT.
How a tensile test works, what Rt0.5 vs Rp0.2 means, how to read the MTC tensile block, and when to order your own verification test.
Calipers, pi tapes and UT gauges — how to measure OD and wall the way standards assume, plus a cross-standard tolerance quick reference.
What handheld XRF and OES can and cannot prove, how to build a sampling plan, and when PMI results should escalate to lab analysis.